Marketing Law Team Meeting Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Law Team Meeting - Research Proposal Example It will be an uphill task to satisfactorily answer their queries. We are about to get our produce manufactured from China. The goods that we get manufactured from China and pass off as our own raises legal issues that do not act in our favor. The consumer buys the product in the belief that it is manufactured by us. In the event there is a mismatch in the outcome of the use of the product, we could face charges of misleading the consumer. Other than this, it could also land us on charges of false representation. We could also face intent to defraud. I am aware that we are outsourcing the manufacture due to labor cost constraints. There may be others who are already manufacturing their goods from China. However, let us take a long term view. We want to survive in this business. Let us scout for more competitive destinations. We need not make cost the determining factor. We may have to make the consumer pay more. Nonetheless, the consumer will even buy it. I am not trying to tar whole China with one brush. I am not saying that the Chinese only produce inferior goods. However, the track record of that country will keep us on our toes. We will have to have the goods checked for any compromise on quality before packaging them. We will have to have a system in place whereby the goods are always checked before they are packaged. This exercise will add to our costs and we will have to ensure that it is in place for all the time we continue to receive goods from China. There isn't any possibility of the situation changing in China in the foreseeable future. The Australian customer wants the best quality. We have to make sure that the product we offer is the best and has the potential to be among the top manufacturing competitors. We have to contend not only with individual cases, but also a whole lot of groups. When a flaw is noticed in the product it will lead the consumer to the retailer and then to the company. It will not be possible to square up to the customer. The word will spread. The cost for reparation will be enormous. Let us be more pragmatic in our approach. Let us be more competitive. We will consider other destinations. Let not the cost factor limit our choice to China alone. There are others in better situation where the cost may be more but we may not have to preoccupy ourselves in matters regarding quality. Litigation in China The social and economic conditions in China are changing very fast. Public Interest Litigations (PILs) are filed in courts for social injustices. There are non-government organizations that take up issues to deal with human rights, racial or sexual abuses. However, there is silence on issues concerning economic offences. It is not very clear how far we could get on issues of economy. The system moves very slowly and it rarely favors the litigant. The outcome of many cases is unknown (Public Interest Litigation in China). Conclusion It is good to see the end from the beginning. As of now, we are not in a position to do business with China. In our line of business, we cannot compromise on quality. The product we are offering must be near perfect. We must face our consumers. Our consumers are demanding. They are asking for the best. The legal implications are clear. We cannot hide from the law. Our business requires us

Research proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Research Proposal Example In this research I will be using Alveson’s situational approach theory as it will enable me get an in-depth view and perception on meaning of leadership sharing (Alvesson, 1997). My proposal topic is ‘situational analysis of shared leadership in a self managing team’. This topic means that some people have no leaders at their workplace thus share leadership roles among themselves especially in self managing teams (Hicks & Bone, 1990). The aim of this proposal is to identify how self managing teams define leadership in their work meetings and work plans. In addition, this proposal aims to show how self managing teams determine the direction of the whole team towards their project and also the self managing team’s relationships, team identity and individual’s team member’s identities. Furthermore, the proposal aims at identifying the constraints faced by self managing teams by different factors like social factors, gender, cultural backgrounds and ethnicity. Leadership is a very tricky affair especially for self managing teams as they are bound to be conflicts. However, according to Alvesson (1996), situational approach gives leadership the team accomplishment which does not follow the norm of doing what the leader proposes (Alvesson, 1996). What makes this proposal interesting is the idea that leaders have always had a problem with leadership. There have been cases of suicides, failed projects, lost money and dysfunctional cases in many organizations. This negative situation befalls these companies because of their leaders and their leadership skills. In this proposal I will be doing a literature review, I will formulate some research questions, discussing methods used, and a conclusive conclusion. The proposal research will take up to two months of research and two hours per day for the two months. I have narrowed my research to a particular team of family run food joint. This

Preparing to Write and Drafting the Paper Essay Example for Free

Preparing to Write and Drafting the Paper Essay When it came to writing all these papers I gave myself time to think about the topics and tried to make sure I understood them before I sat down to write the essays. I have never really been a strong writer when it came to essays in high school it was not an easy task for me. I never had a good strategy when it came to actually writing the papers and putting everything in order. I figured out how to stop worrying so much about getting the assignment turned in on time because that would always stop me from thinking more about the paper then it would turn out bad and I would even up getting a bad grade which would make me feel horrible. I figured out that I should worry more about the paper and then I would be able to focus on the paper so I would be getting it done on time as well. My strategy for writing a paper requires me write a rough draft, take sometime to reread it and then type it making sure everything is spelled correctly. Then making sure all my grammar is correct through out my entire paper also, making sure that I have the correct punctuation everywhere its needed. Then after typing up everything I go through the paper one last time to make sure there isn’t anything I need to add or take out which is usually where I see where I need to change my sentence structure and add certain works or move sentences to different paragraphs. With this class it’s actually been a good experience for me when it came to writing papers and trying to get everything done either early or on time. My writing process has improved with taking this class because I have actually taken time to figure out what I’m going to write about when it comes to the subject and I take care of the assignment in a timely manner. These essays all seem to me that they can be directed to the same audience and can be given with the same enthusiasm because they can be directed to some one in their 20s or 30s because it talks about taking an online courses along with other things along those lines. It would be a speech that I would defiantly be interested in because of how the person would talk to us also with the vocabulary they use because it wouldn’t be a speech that I couldn’t understand. When someone is trying to give a speech or write an essay its difficult when your trying to gauge what type of audience when they are giving a speech or when they are writing a essay trying to figure out if they covered all the important points that need to be covered and that is going to give you the best grade you can get with the course your taking either online or in a classroom. When you first start out with a paper you are a little unsure as to what you are trying to tie together in the very first paper you write but they you figure out what you need for the next couple papers and it gets a little easier for constructing the paper. Trying to get people interested in the subject you are writing or speaking about can be one difficult task because people tend to get bored very easy or they want to learn, about something different not the subject that you are talking about. Papers are what you seem to make them because you can either make them hard or you can make them easy on yourself. If you stress yourself out then you make it more difficult but if you make it easy by trying to take what time your given to make it a good paper. Making sure everything is in the right order that you professor will accept it a very big deal because they look for little mistakes and want you to do the best that you can when it come to the well being of your grade and your class. When you put it all together and present it to either your professor or your audience it can go either one of two ways good or bad. You can always hope it goes good but sometimes you can get some criticism when it comes to what was good and what was bad to your paper or speech. Just making sure everything is in order and how you want everything to be good.

The Japan Airlines 123 Flights

The Japan Airlines 123 Flights This report documents the chain of events before, during and after the Japan Airlines 123 Flight, registered under JA8119. It evaluates the cause and effects of the factors before the fateful flight, and connects with the factors during the flight and after the flight, not forgetting, it also offers possible recommendations to improve the safety of the aviation industry. The main cause of the flights death, was very simple, just a very common tailstrike incident which was not repaired to specifications stated by the manufacturer themselves. It was further neglected after passing through a check by the maintenance engineer himself, which should have grounded the airplane. Instead, it went on to fly another 12319 cycles before its life ended on 12th August 1985. During the flights it has gone through, continous cycle loading had caused heavy metal fatigue on the repair and the pressure bulkhead itself. Time after time, it accumulated, the cracks finally nucleated together in the aft pressure bulkhead. It ruptured the tailfin, along with it the heart of the airplane, the Central Hydraulic Unit. It drained the plane of its blood which was the hydraulic fluids that control the primary systems. After losing control, and fighting with it for 32 minutes it crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 km from Tokyo. Based on research and findings, the aviation industry has improved so far, with the new Boeing maintenance procedures which include more stringent checks on repair patches, with new installation of relief valves. However, to us, it is not enough, we would recommend as well to include newer standards, such that to allow lesser temporary repairs to pass through inspection, filling up the empty space with more part replacements. It may take a longer time, but safety is maintained. Introduction Purpose This report is to document and shed more light on the timeline, chain of events occurring before and after the tragic flight of JA8119. It also includes the revision of aviation standards, and the proposal of ways to increase consumer safety in aviation. Background Information 15 years have passed, and many do not remember the tragic flight of JA8119 on Flight 123. It happened to be the most deadliest single-aircraft accident in aviation history. The final flight also occurred on 12th August 1985 which was the Obon holiday period where the Japanese return to their hometown for visiting their ancestors graves. The victim was a Boeing 747-SR46, which carried 524 passengers on board, for which only 4 survived. It suffered mechanical failures 12 minutes into the flight and 32 minutes later crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 kilometers from Tokyo. The crash site was on Osutaka Ridge near Mount Osutaka. Up to today, it still remains as the most tragic incident, due to its high number of casualties and the coincidence of the type of tradition also occurring during the period. Due to this, It raised worldwide awareness towards the dangers of aviation, causing the Flight Aviation Authority to revise its maintenance measures, and made the aircraft manufacturer Boeing, to revise its design on all of its infamous 747 platforms. Method of Investigation Information extracted from an episode from National Geographics Air Crash Investigations/May Day Series, Episode 2 Out of Control, reports on Aircraft Safety revisions, an actual blackbox recording of the actual incident, and various documents on the cause and effects of the crash. Scope of Investigation. It is broken down into 3 sections comprising generally the Pre-incident details, which would contain the tailstrike incident which occurred 7 years ago, leading to the analysis improper repairs done, followed by the lax attitude the ground crew took. The second section would the the Incident Details, which will document the chain of events which occurred in the rear pressure bulkhead, comprising of rivet failure, bulkhead failure, explosive decompression, leading to the hydraulic failure and the pilot faults. Followed on lastly by post incident details, documenting the refusal of US military base help from Tokyo, leading to the late rescue efforts which resulted in more deaths, and the lessons learnt from this incident. Lastly, Our own recommendation on what could be further done. Pre Incident Details 2.1 Tailstrike Incident A Boeing 747SR was arriving on 2nd June 1978 at Osaka Airport. The weather in the area was not optimistic at all, with rain that just ended, resulting in extreme heavy fog. The pilot, was in the skies during that period had just been approved to land. Due to low visibility, he could hardly see what was in front, and relied on his instruments as guiding points. By the time, the altitude meter read 100 feet, he had realized that he was too close to the runway. It caused him to deploy the flares very aggressively. It touched down, but due to the extended flares, it gained altitude and increased the angle of attack, which resulted it to land on its empennage on its second touchdown. This is known as a tailstrike incident. Figure 1 Extent of damage on the tail of JA8119 2.2 Botched Repair The tailstrike incident suffered by JA8119, resulted in issues that were not appealing at all. The rear bulkhead had various scratches, but on a closer look, there were cracks, and it was already unacceptable to be approved for flight purposes. However, they had to do a temporary repair on the bulkhead still, and they were not following prescribed steps to do so. Boeing stated in their manual for these procedures: A Continuous doubler plate on the bulkhead itself. Followed on with 3 rows of rivets on each side. This is to reinforce the bulkhead, such like what the objectives of a temporary repair should be. Instead, the licensed engineers of Boeing stationed at the airport did this: Two doubler plates cut out from a huge splice plate Two rows of rivets on one side, Single row of rivets on the other. (Wikipedia, 31 August 2010) Figure 2 The Actual Repair(National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 4 , Available from: Youtube.com [Accessed 23rd May 2010]) All of this was done by the engineers so that It would fit nicely. Which would later carry a serious consequence of servere failure during flight. 2.3 Metal Fatigue Metal fatigue, described as structural failure caused by consistent cycle loading, which would mean as stressing on part throughout a prolonged continous time. This is inevitably caused by the improvised procedures done by the engineers in Osaka Airport, as stated, in the previous factor. Figure 3 Leftovers of the rear bulkhead after shearing off during flight. (National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 4 , Available from: Youtube.com [Accessed 23rd May 2010]) Due to the nature of aircraft parts to go through consistent cycle loading, the doubler plate which was done as a patch repair to the rear pressure bulkhead, if done in correctly would result in extreme fatigue. This was exactly what happened. The loss of one row of rivets due to this procedure had caused them to take much higher stress than normal, such that having 2 rows with one row instead of 3 would distribute the load unevenly, causing the material to experience different rates of fatigue, as a result. This would be the main causing factor for the during flight incidents. Negligence of Ground Crew Usually, after a maintenance task has been completed, a senior engineer would do a check on it. This is where partly the fault had fell on. The senior engineer did a check on the splice plate repair on the rear bulkhead shortly after. In the beginning, the engineer did not approve of the repair due to the nature of the plate and the rivet placements, but looking at it as a temporary repair, he signed off declaring the plane of its worthiness. (JST Failure Knowledge Database, August 23, 2006) This would be catastrophic as no matter how minor a repair is, it should be done up to the best standards to avoid accidents. This was not the case. 3 Incident Details 3.1 Riveting Failure The cause of this was via the botched repair that was not done up to manufacturer standards. Figure 4 L18 Stiffener Joint (Dr. Yotarou Hatamura, 2005, JST Failure Knowledge Database[Online], Crash of Japan Airlines B-747 at Mt. Osutaka, Available from: http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/) Refer to Figure 4, this diagram compares the actual repair with the directed repair specified by the manufacturer, Boeing. The first drawing, starting from the left, shows a full doubler plate with 3 rows of rivets intact along a full plate attached to the damaged portion, with a small smount of sealant near the L18 stiffener which do not penetrate the doubler plate. The second drawing, which is the actual repair done, was not up to standard in comparison with the first drawing. It shows a chopped splice plate, which was in two pieces, and riveted with 2 rows of rivets on the bottom, with 1 row on the top. The only major difference would be the higher amount of sealant near the L18 stiffener. Comparing it to the previous drawing, the sealant, penetrated through the splice repair. This increased the stresses taken by the fracture site and the rivets. As illustrated by the drawings, the arrows would mean stress concentration, which had reduced,from two arrows to one. This cause the str ess to be highly concentrated there, multiple-site cracks started to form near the fastener holes. This cause the rivets to be overloaded and finally failed. Aft Bulkhead Failure Once a repair is signed off as complete, it will never be looked at again. Such was the case for the JA8119 after 12319 fight cycles. During flight, the whole plane goes through cycle loading due to the difference in air pressure surrounding it, it may seem insignificant at earlier parts, but the accumulated hard pressure could cause something to fail without maintenance. In this case it was a botched repair. According to the FAA, the one doubler plate which was specified for the job (the FAA calls it a splice plate essentially a patch) was cut into two pieces parallel to the stress crack it was intended to reinforce, to make it fit. The unstable nature of this repair resulted in a 70% decrease in Fatigue Resistance. Due to that fact that it did not properly cover up the fracture of the aft bulkhead, did it worsen and let loose during flight. Figure 5 Aft Pressure Bulkhead of JA8119 on Display(Flight Global, 2010[Online], Available from http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getAsset.aspx?ItemID=12345) Refer to Figure 5. The multiple-cracks that form on the bulkhead follows a similar pattern, which is that they started mostly from the fastener holes, as they tear considerably close to the rivets themselves. In the early years of the repair done, the cracks are small, but through 12300 cycles, they became bigger and eventually joined up. In the analysis report that was signed off, it was said that there were cracks from 30 of the 50 fastener holes of the area of repair, the total length of the cracks of the repair patch was 270mm. Only one reason could explain the huge extent of the cracks, majority of them had extended overtime and eventually joined together, causing catastrophic failures once they became concentrated. It would shatter the pressure bulkhead all together. Explosive Decompression Refer to Fig.5, under high altitude conditions, the aircraft cabin is pressurized to keep the correct amount of oxygen. It is necessary when an airliner reaches high altitudes, because the atmospheric pressure is too low to allow people to absorb sufficient oxygen, causing altitude sickness and eventually hypoxia.(Wikipedia, 24 July 2010) The air pressure difference in high altitudes can be very high, any decompression incident such as a small pinhole in the aircraft skin would produce a large hissing sound which could depressurized a whole cabin in five seconds. The lack of oxygen in the cabin will mean a 25% reduction in oxygen in our lungs, which will cause sluggish thinking, dimmed vision, loss of consciousness and ultimately death. Figure 6 Cabin Pressurisation Process(The Informer-Truth and Travel,2010[Online], Available from: http://informer.truth.travel/media/images/CabinAirGraphic.gif) The aft pressure bulkhead failure caused it to rip apart, allowing hypersonic air to rush into the tail fin which already caused explosive decompression. This eventually blew off a portion of the tail fin which further aggravated cabin decompression in the cabin, considering now that a huge hole had become a void. Hydraulic Failure Figure 7 Cause of loss of tail fin during flight (Dr. Yotarou Hatamura, 2005, JST Failure Knowledge Database[Online], Crash of Japan Airlines B-747 at Mt. Osutaka, Available from: http://shippai.jst.go.jp/en/Detail?fn=2id=CB1071008) Hydraulic lines are like the blood vessels of a human being, one snap in any of them, would mean death. As illustrated in Fig.6, the explosive decompression caused hypersonic air to rupture the tail fin and a part of the tail. Severed Hydraulic Lines It also shredded through one of the most important parts of the aircraft, the Central Hydraulic unit which controls the moving of hydraulic fluid to and fro the rudders on the vertical stabilizer and the horizontal stabilizer. Beside them were the important hydraulic lines which also went off along with the Central Hydraulic unit. Loss of Primary Controls Once the hydraulic lines were cut off, the fluid escaped through the openings, which within minutes, the pilot reported difficulties in handling moments before he lost full control, which would mean that the hydraulic lines are now empty. To salvage the situation, the pilots varied their thrust between the engines on the left and the right wing and also they tried putting down the landing gear and the flaps. (National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 2, Available from: Youtube.com[Accessed 23rd May 2010]) 3.5 Human Error Many were at fault, but we couldnt possibly absolve no one of all blame. They did not put on oxygen masks, no reason was stated why. There was a lot of chaos in the cabin as well. Due to this, they were probably in a state of Hypoxia as they did not do two things: Report fully on the situation. Tried to land in Nagoya Airport which is on a linear path. Refer to Fig 7. Unknowingly, they also allowed the plane to stall in its path, which aggravated its out of control, rising and diving in the skies. This was also an accident that was the first of its kind, which would mean there was no training available for situations like these. Any precautions they had learnt was irrevelant to what they had encountered. Figure 8 Map of JA8119 Flight Path(Christopher Kilroy,2008, Air Disasters[Online], Special Report: Japan Air Lines 123, Available from: Air Disasters.com) Post Incident 4.1 Late Rescue Rescue efforts came only after 14 hours. This was justified when crash victim and survivor, Yumi Ochiai stated:Many more survived the crash, as their screams died down through the night. (National Geographic, 2007, Air Crash Investigation[Online],Season 3 Episode 3 Part 3, Available from: Youtube.com[Accessed 23rd May 2010]) 4.1.1 Refusal of US Military Assistance Yokota US Military Air Base had sent a C-130 to scout. Which they had reported back to have seen the crash site. Shortly after, a US helicopter was sent to the crash site to assist in the rescue effort. Meanwhile, rescue teams have been assembled and were on their way to the site. 4.1.2 Inaccessibility of area As stated, it crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, Gunma Prefecture, 100 kilometers from Tokyo. It was in a mountainous region where roads do not directly lead to the crash site itself at all, and most of the wreckage lay on a downhill slope which meant more caution was taken to access to the site, costing more and more time. Figure 9 Panel of JA8119 lying on a downslope.(Available from: http://otona.yomiuri.co.jp/history/anohi090812.htm) Inclusion of new procedures in guidebook. The FAA consequently issued the following airworthiness directives: AD 85-22-12 which required a one-time visual inspection of the aft side of the aft pressure bulkhead for evidence of repairs or damage. AD 86-08-02, requiring the addition of a structural cover for the opening within the empennage to provide access to the vertical fin of all B747 models. This is to prevent structural failure of the vertical fin in the event of failure of the aft pressure bulkhead. AD 87-12-04 to require installation of a hydraulic fuse in the number 4 hydraulic system on Boeing Model 747 series airplanes. AD 87-23-10 was effective December 10, 1987 and required inspection for damage and cracking of the aft pressure bulkhead on Boeing Model 747 airplanes. This AD was later superseded by AD 98-20-20 which added repetitive inspections AD 98-20-20 was, in turn, superseded by AD 2000-15-08, which requires that a one-time inspection to detect cracking of the upper segment of the bulkhead web be accomplished repetitively, and adds additional repetitive inspections to detect cracking of the upper and lower segments of the aft bulkhead web. (Aviation Safety Network, 11 October 2009) Relief valves were also fitted into the Boeing 747, so that in the case of any dismemberment of the aircraft will not lose all of its hydraulic fluid, still having a high percentage of control of the aircraft. Conclusion Overall, we can see a pattern which in the events happened, ranging from the tailstrike incident in 12th August 1985, which led to a botched repair which sealed the fate of the plane to its imminent death. Lastly, the negligence of the ground crew who did passed the repair even though it wasnt on specifications. Throughout the flight, the plane suffered mechanical difficulties 12 minutes into the flight due to the failing of the rivets, causing the rear pressure bulkhead to rupture, allowing hypersonic speed air into the tail of the plane, inevitably tearing off the top portion of its tail fin, along with it went the Central Hydraulic unit which was the heart of the airplane. They lost all control all together shortly after losing all the hydraulic fluid, and with the case of a depressurized cabin, they suffered from hypoxia which hampered their decision making. 32 minutes later it crashed into two ridges of Mount Takamagahara in Ueno, even though the pilots tried all sorts of manuve urs to salvage the plane from its fate. Rescue efforts were also hampered as the government rejected help from an US airbase for unknown reasons, even though they were already on site. The location also posed a problem, being inaccessible from any road, and being on a downhill slope slowed down emergency services. From this, we can see how serious a molehill can become a mountain in a matter of years. From scratches, they became cracks and tore through an important component. Maintenance was an issue here, as it was slack, even though Boeing had released new inspection and repair procedures 2-3 years after the tragic accident which included 522 lives, have we learnt? Maybe. China Airlines flight 611, crashed on 25th May 2002, which killed all passengers and the crew, coincidently bearing the same few causes such as botch repair, metal fatigue, riveting failure multiple-site damage. This happened 20 years after the procedures were implemented. In the world, there will always be a balance between evil and good, such like this case. It could have been them only the engineers not following procedures, the rest of the countries were. There is only one thing that we can do to prevent all these, is to learn from our mistakes and never to repeat them again. We can never stop these incidences, which i s why prevention is more than enough to keep the industry going until today. Recommendations Looking into the above information collected, the recommendations are: To include more stringent checks on the repair itself such as the creation of a small ultrasonic device to expose any gaps or cheating in the repair procedures Replace parts if damage is far too severe to be repaired. Rather than to do temporary repairs that could put lives at a small risk. Primary Controls to have failsafes as well, instead of having it in the hydraulic pipelines only. One example would be on the 4th of December 1987, Boeing requested fuses to be installed as a secondary safety measure in the primary control hydraulic lines in the case of another prevention measure.

The History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime Essays -- German History Ado

The History of Hitler and the Nazi Regime In the Second World War, a man named Adolph Hitler, the leader of the infamous Nazi regime, had a plethora of things on his mind. From guarding the stricken land of Poland against Soviet advancement, to making sure the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean in France were closely guarded, Hitler had much to worry about. Unfortunately, it was during Hitler’s reign when a most horrible atrocity took place. Adolph Hitler was born on April 20th, 1889 in a small hamlet named Braunau Am Inn, just across the border from German Bavaria. Hitler’s childhood was often riddled with abuse and physical beatings. His family lived in a small farmhouse with 10 other people. Because of this, Adolph’s older brother, Alois, ran away from home. As a child, Hitler was fascinated with art. He begged his father to let him attend a classical secondary school, but his father would have nothing to do with it. He insisted that his son follow in his footsteps as a civil servant. As a result, Hitler, in his first year of civil school, failed miserably, claiming he did so on purpose to spite his father. Around the age of 13, Hitler, as a result of living on the German-Austrian border, became interested in German nationalism. A few years later, after his father’s death, 18-year-old Adolph decided it was time to try his luck in art, and moved to Vienna. After failing miserably in art, he became interested in politics. At the time, the mayor of Vienna, Karl Lueger, was an anti-Semite and Jew hater. Even though Hitler still had a few Jewish friends, the messages from Lueger began to sink in (Gilber 24).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hitler left Austria at the age of 24 years old, partly to leave the Austrian empire which he had started to hate, and, in part, to avoid required military service. At this time, it was 1914, and World War I had broken out. Hitler found a sense of pride and belonging in the German army during The War. He was not a great soldier, but was stoic, and was awarded with the Iron cross at the end of the war. After the war, Hitler became increasingly anti-Semitic, which won the attention of his superiors (Gilber 37). At the end of 1919, the German army had Hitler, now age 30, look into an organization called the German Worker’s Party. Soon after, Hitler joined and became head of propaganda. The party fiercely attacked Communism, and was heavily anti... ... the Nazis tried to carry out Hitler's Final Solution. As the Allies approached Auschwitz, the guards forced the 25,000 Jews to evacuate the compound and walk over 100 miles in the snow, barefooted. Most of these prisoners ended up in the Buchenwald camp, in Germany, much farther west of the advancing Soviet army. Eventually these prisoners were liberated, but many died on the long trek. On May 1st, 1945, World War II was over, with Germany signing an unconditional surrender. The day before though, Hitler and his wife, Eva Braun, committed suicide by consuming cyanide capsules (Keegan 198).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, The Nazi regime's solution to the problem of what to do with the Jews was to try and kill every last one of them. At first, Hitler took it slow, but as the war progressed, the insanity grew, and so did Hitler’s plot. He was out of control. What it comes down to is that Hitler walked the fine line between genius and insanity. His speeches were brilliant, but the results were weak and poor. His idea about the Holocaust was skewed. Was this a man without any morals? This is a question that will continue to plague mankind for history. What really was wrong with Adolph Hitler†¦?

A Proposal to End Alcoholism Essay -- Alcohol Addiction Alcoholism Ess

A Proposal to End Alcoholism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's day and age, people are beginning to have more and more problems with things that barely even impacted on our world many years ago. Sometimes, however, people don?t even realize that they have a problem and are disturbing not only other people, but also themselves. Alcoholic beverages have slowly wedged themselves into today's society as something that is causing many people problems and drama in their lives. A problem like alcoholism is something that should, and can be, stopped and controlled. With today's modernization and rapid increase of knowledge of medicine and the human body, I have created an idea that could possibly stop the problem of drinking, and the addiction that it creates.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol is considered a drug for multiple reasons. People, when under the influence, can get either very angry, or are all-around happy people. However, it usually unfolds in the event that when they become happy drunks, they become very grumpy and mean people when they are sober, usually looking for getting more alcohol. Alcohol also ruins people?s bodies, especially their liver. It can impact their body so much that it sometimes brings them to death. People also make very un-educated decisions when they are drinking, and sometimes even when they are sober. When people are under the influence of alcohol, they make bad decisions like driving, even though they can?t see straight, becoming loud, and sometimes even too rowdy. However, ev...

Essays: Political Philosophy and New York Essay

Course Rationale: The paper provides an understanding of evolution and transformation of international relations as a discipline. It tries to look at issues in international relations from a thematic backdrop by trying to address change and continuity in the same. From a conceptual background, the paper identifies principal actors and some of the processes that are key to contemporary international relations. Course Content: Lectures 1. Nature and Scope of International Relations : Understanding International Relations, Evolution of the discipline, Its interdisciplinary nature. (10) 2. Approaches and Theories of International Relations: Classical and Scientific; Realism and Idealism, NeoLiberal and Neo Realist. (14) 3. Actors in International Relations: State and State System, State and Globalisation and Non-State (International NGOs & MNCs) (12) 4. War and Conflict: Nature and Causes; Traditional & Non- Traditional Threats to society, Changing nature of conflict(14) PS 7: Western Political Thinkers (Plato to John Locke) Course Rationale: The paper seeks to provide a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in Western Political thought as represented by select thinkers from the early Greek period to the modern period. It emphasizes on both the life and works of the thinkers linking it to the dominant paradigms of the time. Course Content: Lectures 1. Plato: Life and works; the Republic – Justice, Education, Communism, Philosopher King: Rule of Law. (10) 2. Aristotle: Life and works; State; Classification of Governments, Revolution; Citizenship; Family and Property; Slavery; Education. (10) 3. Niccolo Machiavelli: Life and works; Human Nature, Prince; Religion and Politics; Government; Realism. (10) 4. Thomas Hobbes: Life and works; Social Contract, Sovereignty. (10) 5. John Locke: Life and works; Social Contract Theory; Sovereignty; Natural Rights; Theory of Consent, Right to rebel. (10) PS 8: INDIAN ADMINISTRATION Course Rationale: This course would enable students to understand and analyse the structural and organizational framework of the Indian Administration. It does this by focusing on both the evolution of the public services and the reforms that are required in a liberalizing era. Course Content: Lectures 1. Indian Administration: Integrity and Transparency, Forms; Causes and remedies of Administrative Corruption, Offices of Lokpal and Lokayuta, Right to Information Act 2005. (13) 2. Planning and Administration: Socio economic objectives of planning, Planning Commission, National Development Council, Decentralised planning. (13) 3. Basic Public Services: Education, Health, Sanitation, and Housing. (Case studies) (12) 4. Reforming Public Administration: Good Governance, Privatization and Competition. (12) Readings for PS 5 & PS 8: 1. Public Administration and Public Affairs, Nicholas Henry – 8th edition 2. Public Administration – A Avasthi and S. R. Maheshwari 3. Administrative in Changing Society Bureaucracy & Politics in India – C. P. Bhambri. 4. Public Administrative – A. R. Tyagi 5. Public Administration – N. B. P. Sharma 6. Modern Public administration — – F. A.. Nigro and L. S. Nigro 7. Introduction to the study of Public administration N. O. White 8. Indian administration — S. S. Maheshwari 8. P. H. Appleby, Policy and Administration, Alabama University of Albama Press, 1957. 9. A. Avasthi and S. R. Maheswari, Public Administration, Agra, Lakshmi Narain Aggarwal, 1996. 10. D. D. Basu, Administrative Law, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1986. 11. C. P. Bhambri, Administration in a Changing Society: Bureaucracy and Politics in India, Delhi Vikas, 1991. 12. M. Bhattacharya, Public Administration: Structure, Process and Behaviour, Calcutta, The World Press, 1991. 13 . ————, Restructuring Public Administration: Essays in Rehabilitation, New Delhi,Jawahar, 1999. 14. M. E. Dimock and G. O. Dimock, Public Administration, Oxford, IBH Publishing Co. , 1975. 15. ———— Administrative Vitality: The Conflict with Bureaucracy, New York, Harper, 1959. 16. E. N. Gladden, The Essentials of Public Administration, London, Staples Press, 1958. 17. J. M. Gaus, A Theory of Organization in Public Administration, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1936. 18. J. La Palombara (ed. ), Bureaucracy and Political Development, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1967. 19. S. R. Maheshwari, Administrative Theories, New Delhi, Allied, 1994. 20. S. R. Nigam, Principles of Public Administration, Allahabad Kitab Mahal, 1980. 21. F. A. Nigro and L. S. Nigro, Modern Public Administration, New York, Harper and Row, 1984. 22. O. Glenn Stahl, Public Personnel Administration, New York, Harper & Brothers, 1956. 23. D. Waldo (ed), Ideas and Issues in Public Administration, New York, Mc Graw Hill, 1953. 24. N. D. White, Introduction to the Study of Public Administration New York, Macmillan, 1955. PS 9: International Institutions and Issues Course Rationale : The course specifically deals with some of the key international institutions and themes that have guided international relations in the recent times. It tries to look at both the organizational and policy issues relating to the institutions and seeks to bring out the concerns from a developing country perspective. Course Content: Lectures 1. International and Regional Institutions : IMF & WB, WTO, SAARC & EU (14) 2. Diplomacy: old and new, diplomatic immunities & privileges changing Nature of Diplomacy (12) 3. UN: Structure, functions & Reform (10) 4. Contemporary International Concerns: Terrorism, Environment and Refugees (14) Readings for PS 6 & PS 9: 1. Axelrod, The Evolution of Co-operation, New York, Basic Books, 1984. 2. A. Baldwin (ed. ), Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism, New York, Columbia University Press,1993. 3. —— (ed. ), Paradoxes of Power, New York, Basil Blackwell, 1989. 4. Bennett (ed.), Nuclear Weapons and the Conflict of Conscience, New York, Charles cribner’s Sons, 1962. 5. D. G. Brennan (ed. ), Arms Control, Disarmament and National Security, New York, George Braziller, 1961. 6. C. Brown, International Relations Theory, London, Harvester Wheatsheaf, . M de Bueno and D. Lalman, War and Reason: Domestic and International Imperatives,New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1992. 7. H. Bull, The Control of the Arms Race, New York, Praeger, 1961. 8. ————, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, London, Macmillan,1977. 9. S. Burchill et. al. , Theories of International Relations, Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 10. E. H. Carr, The Twenty Year Crisis, London, Macmillan, 1939. 11. ————, Conditions of Peace, New York, The Macmillan Company, 1944. 12. I. Claude, Power and International Relations, New York, Random House, 1962. 13. K von Clausewitz, War, Politics and Power: Selections, Chicago, Henry Regnery Company, 1962. 14. A. A. Couloumbis and J. H. Wolf, Introduction to International Relations: Power and Justice,New York, Praegar, 1989. 15. W. D. Coplin, Introduction to International Politics, Chicago, Markham, 1971 K. W. Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1989. 16. J. E. Dougherty, How to think about Arms Control and Disarmament, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 17. ———— and R. L. Pfaltzfraff, Jr. , Contending Theories of International Relations, Philadelphia, 18. J. B. Lippincott Co. , 1970. 19. W. Epstein, Disarmament: 25 years of Effort, Toronto, Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1971. 20. ————, The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 21. R. A. Falk, Law, Morality and War in the Contemporary World, New York, Frederick A Praegar, 1963. 22. ————, Legal Order in a Violent World, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1968. 23. H. W. Forbes, The Strategy of Disarmament, Washington DC, Public Affairs Press, 1962. 24. J. Frankel, The Making of Foreign Policy, London, Oxford University Press, 1963. 25. —————, Contemporary International Theory and the Behaviour of States, New York, Oxford University Press, 1973. 26. J. Galtung, The True Worlds: A Transnational Perspective, New York, The Free Press, 1980. 27. F. I. Greenstein and N. W. Polsby, Theory of International Relations, Reading Massachusetts,Addison-Wesley, 1979. 28. S. H, Hoffman (ed. ), Contemporary Theory in International Relations, Englewood Cliifs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1960. 29. S. H. Hoffman, Essays in Theory and Politics of International Relations, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 30. K. J. Holsti, Why Nations Realign, London, Allen and Unwin, 1982. 31. ————, The Dividing Discipline, Boston, Allen and Unwin, 1985. 32. ————, Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order 1648-1989, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991. 33. A. Hurrell, â€Å"Collective Security and International Order Revisited† International Relations,Vol. II, No. 1, April. 34. C. W. Kegley and E. R. Wittkopf, World Politics: Trends and Transformation, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1995. 35. G. Kennan, â€Å"Morality, Politics and Foreign Policy† in The Virginia Papers on the Presidency, edited by K. W. Thompson, Washington, University Press of America, 1979, pp. 3-30. 36. ————, The Nuclear Delusion, New York, Pantheon Books, 1982. 37. R. O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, 38. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1984. 39. ———— (ed. ), Neo-realism and Its Critics, New York, Columbia University Press, 1986. 40. ————, International Institutions and State Power, Boulder Colorado, Westview Press, 1989. 41. ———— and E. Ostrom (eds. ), Local Commons and Global Interdependence: Heterogeneity and Co-operation in Two Domains, London, Sage, 1994. S. D. Krasner (ed. ), International Regimes, Ithaca NY, Cornell University Press, 1983. 42. H. D. Lasswell, World Politics and Personal Insecurity, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1953. 43. L. L. Martin, Coercive Cooperation: Explaining Multilateral Economic Sanctions, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1992. 44. H. J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 6th edn. , revised by K. W. Thompson, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1985. 45. F. S. Northedge, The International Political System, London, Faber and Faber, 1976. 46. W. C. Olson and A. J. R. Groom, International Relations: Then and Now, London, HarperCollins Academic, 1991 and M. Onuf, â€Å"The growth of a discipline reviewed† in International Relations, edited by S. Smith, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1985. 47. R. E. Osgood and R. W. Tucker, Force, Order and Justice, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Press,1967. 48. E. Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 49. K. A. Oye (ed. ), Co-operation Under Anarchy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1986. 50. N. D. Palmer and H. Perkins, International Relations, Calcutta, Scientific Book Company,1971. 51. W. H. Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1962. 52. B. Rivlin, â€Å"Regional Arrangements and the UN System for Collective Security†, International Relations, Vol II, No. 2, August. 53. A. Roberts, â€Å"The UN and International Security†, Survival, Vol 35, No. 1, Spring. 54. J. N. Rosenau, International Studies and the Social Sciences, Beverly Hills California and London, Sage, 1973. 55. ————, World Politics: An Introduction, New York, The Free Press, 1976. 56. M. P. Sullivan, Theories of International Politics: Enduring Paradigm in a Changing World,Hampshire, Macmillan, 2001. 57. V. Van Dyke, International Politics, Bombay, Vakils, Feffer and Simons, 1969. 58. J. A. Vasquez, The Power of Power Politics, London, Frances Pinter, 1983. 59. ————, The War Puzzle, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993. 60. S. P. Verma, International System and the Third World, New Delhi, Vikas, 1988. 61. K. N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading Massachusetts, Addison- Wesley, 1979. 62. ————, â€Å"The Emerging Structure of International Politics†, International Security, 18, 1993,pp. 44-79. 63. A. Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962. PS 10:Western Political Thinkers (Rousseau to Marx) Course Rationale : The course seeks to promote a critical understanding of the main philosophical themes in Western Political thought as represented by selected thinkers primarily from the modern period. It emphasizes on their life and works and their major theoretical and philosophical contributions. Course Contents: Lectures 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau: Life and works; Social Contract Theory; Theory of General Will; Popular Sovereignty. (10) 2. Edmund Burke: Life and works; Conservative Philosophy; State; Revolution; Blend of Liberalism and Conservatism. (10) 3. James Stuart Mill: Life and works; Liberty; Representative Government and Democracy; Individualism. (10) 4. George Wilhelm Fredrick Hegel: Life and works; History; Dialectic; Idealist Theory. (10) 5. Karl Marx: Dialectical Materialism ; Interpretation of History; Theory of Surplus Value; Class War; Dictatorship of the Proletariat ; Classless society (10). Readings for PS 7 & PS 10: 1. J. W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, London, Methuen, 1967. 2. A. Ashcraft, Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, London, Allen and Unwin, 1986. 3. ————, Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, London, Unwin and Hyman, 1987. 4. A. Avineri, The Social and Political Thought of K. Marx, New Delhi, S. Chand and Co. , 1979. 5. Sir E. Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle, New York, Dover Publications,1959. 6. ————, Greek Political Theory: Plato and His Predecessors, New Delhi, B.I. Publications, 1964. 7. ————, The Politics of Aristotle, translated with introduction, notes and appendix, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995. 8. R. N. Berki, The History of Political Thought: A Short Introduction, London, Dent, 1977. Sir I. Berlin, The Hedgehog and the Fox, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1953. 9. ————, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1963. 10. W. H. Bluhmn, Theories of Political System: Classics of Political Thought and Modern Political Analysis, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1965. 12. J. Bowle, Western Political Thought: A Historical Introduction from the Origins to Rousseau,London, Jonathan Cape, 1947. 13. ————, Politics and Opinion in the Nineteenth Century: A Historical Introduction, London. Jonathan Cape, 1954. 14. C. Brinton, English Political Thought in the Nineteenth Century, London, Allen Lane, 1933. 15. J. Bronowski and B. Mazlish, Western Intellectual Tradition, Harmondsworth, Penguins, 1960. 16. K. C. Brown (ed. ), Hobbes’ Studies, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1965. 17. J. H. Burns (ed.), The Cambridge History of Political Thought, 1450-1700, Cambridge,Cambridge University Press, 1991. 18. H. Butterfield, The Statecraft of Machiavelli, New York, Collier, 1962. 19. F. P. Canavan, The Political Reason of Edmund Burke, Durnham NC, Duke University Press,1960. 20. E. Cassirer, The Philosophy of the Enlightenment, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press,1932. 21. ————, The Myth of the State, New Haven CT, Yale University Press, 1946. 22. G. Catlin, A History of Political Philosophers, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1950. 23. F. Chabod, Machiavelli and the Renaissance, translated by D. Moore, New York, Harper and Row, 1958. 24. J. W. Chapman, Rousseau- Totalitarian or Liberal, New York, Columbia University Press, 1956. 25. A. Cobban, Rousseau and the Modern State, London, Unwin University Books, 1964. 26. J. Coleman, A History of Political Thought: From Ancient Greece to Early Christianity,London, Blackwell, 2000. 27. L. Colletti, From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society, translated By J. Merrington and J. White, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1969. 28. D. Coole, Women in Political Theory: From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, New York, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993. 29. M. Cornforth, The Open Philosophy and the Open Society: A Reply to Sir Karl Popper’s Refutation of Marxism, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968. 30. M. Cowling, Mill and Liberalism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1963. 31. M. Cranston, (ed. ), Western Political Philosophers, London, Fontana, 1964. 32. R. Crossman, Plato Today, London, Allen and Unwin, 1939. 33. M. Curtis, The Great Political Theories 2 Vols. , New York, Avon, 1961. 34. W. L. Davidson, Political Thought in England: The Utilitarians from Bentham to Mill, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1957. 35. S. DeGrazia, Machiavelli in Hell, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1989. 36. P. Doyle, A History of Political Thought, London, Jonathan Cape, 1933. 37. J. A. Dunning, History and Political Theories, New York, Macmillan, 1902. 38. W. Ebenstein, Great Political Thinkers, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH, 1969. 39. J. B. Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought, Princeton 40. NJ, Princeton University Press, 1981. 41. M. B. Foster, W. T. Jones and L. W. Lancaster, Masters of Political Thought 3 Vols, London, George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. , 1942, 1947 and 1959. 42. R. G. Gettel, History of Political Thought, New York, Novell & Co, 1924. 43. D. Germino, Modern Western Political Thought: Machiavelli to Marx, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1972. 44. W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition, 2 Vols, London, Methuen, 1983. 45 A. Hacker, Political Theory: Philosophy, Ideology, Science, New York, Macmillan, 1961. 46. E. Halevy, Growth of Philosophical Radicalism translated by M. Morris London, Faber & Faber, 1928. 47. J. H. Hallowell, Main Currents in Modern Political Thought, New York, Holt, 1960. 48. I. W. Hampsher-Monk, Modern Political Thought from Hobbes to Marx, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1992. 49. R. Harrison, Bentham, London, Routledge, 1983. 50. I. Kramnick, The Age of Edmund Burke: The Conscience of an ambivalent Conservative,New York, Basic Books, 1977. 51. G. Klosko, The Development of Plato’s Thought, London, Methuen, 1986. 52. H. J. Laski, Political Thought from Locke to Bentham, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1920. 53. P. Laslett, John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1960. 54. R. B. Levinson, In Defense of Plato, Cambridge Massachusetts, Harvard University Press,1953. 55. C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1973. 56. K. Martin, French Liberal Thought in the Eighteenth Century, New York, New York University Press, 1954. 57. A. MacIntyre, A Short History of Ethics, New York, Macmillan, 1971. 58. C. C. Maxey, Political Philosophies, New York, Macmillan, 1948. 59. C. H. McIlwain, The Growth of Political Thought in the West, New York, Macmillan, 1932. 60. D. McLellan, Karl Marx: The First 100 Years, London, Fontana, 1983. 61. K. R. Minogue, Hobbes’ Leviathan, New York, Everyman’s Library 1977. 62. J. B. Morall, Political Thought in Medieval Times, New York, Harper Torchbooks, 1958. 63. S. Mukherjee and S. Ramaswamy, A History of Political Thought: Plato to Marx, New Delhi, Prentice Hall, 1999. 64. R. G. Mulgan, Aristotle’s Political Theory: An Introduction for Students of Political Theory,Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1977. 65. R. L. Nettleship, Lectures on Plato’s Republic, London, Macmillan, 1967. 66. M. Oakeshott, Hobbes on Civil Association, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1975. 67. S. M. Okin, Women in Western Political Thought, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1979. 68. C. Pateman, The Disorder of Women, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1993. 69. H. F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967. 70. ————, Fortune is a Woman: Gender and Politics in the thought of Niccolo Machiavelli,Berkeley, University of California Press, 1984. 71. J. Plamentaz, Man and Society 2 Vols. , London, Longman, 1963. 72. J. G. A Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Republic Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 73. Sir K. R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies 2 Vols. , London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1945. 74. P. Riley, Will and Legitimacy, Cambridge Massachusettes, Harvard University Press, 1980. 75. A. Ryan, J. S. Mill, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974. 76. B. Russell, History of Western Philosophy, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1961. 77. G. H. Sabine, History of Political Theory, 4th edn. , revised by T. L. Thorson, New Delhi,Oxford and IBH, 1973. 78. A. Saxonhouse, Women in the History of Political Thought: Ancient Greece to Machiavelli,New York, Praegar, 1985. 79. M. L. Shanley, and C. Pateman, Feminist Interpretation and Political Theory, Cambridge, Polity, 1991. 80. M. Q. Sibley, Political Ideas and Ideologies, New Delhi, Surjeet Publications, 1981. 81. T. A. Sinclair, A History of Greek Political Thought, London, Routledge, 1951. Q. Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, 2 Volumes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 82. S. B. Smith, Hegel’s Critique of Liberalism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1989. 83. Sir L. Stephen, History of English Thought in the 18th Century 2 Vols. , London, London School of Economics and Political Science, 1902. 84. L. Strauss, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Genesis, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1936. 85. ————, Thoughts on Machiavelli, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1958. 86. ————, Studies in Platonic Political Philosophy, Chicago, Chicago University Press, 1964. 87. J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy and Political Messianism: The Romantic Phase, London, Secker and Warburg, 1960. 88. T. L. Thorson, Plato: Totalitarian or Democrat, Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall, 1963. 89. J. Tully, A Discourse on Property: John Locke and his Adversaries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980. 90. C. E. Vaughan, Studies in the History of Political Philosophy before and after Rousseau, 91. Manchester UK, University of Manchester Press, 1925. 92. H. Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation, Oxford, The Clarendon Press 1957. 93. N. Warburton, J. Pike and D. Matravers, Reading Political Philosophy: Machiavelli to Mill, London, Routledge in association with Open University, 2000. 94. S. Wolin, Politics and Vision: Continuity and Innovation in Western Political Thought, Boston,Little Brown, 1960. PS 11: Indian Political Thinkers (Manu to Azad) Course Rationale: The purpose of this paper is to enlighten the students about Indian thinkers from ancient to modern times. It seeks to understand their seminal contribution to the evolution of political theorizing in India. It critically assesses their contribution and explains their relevance to contemporary times Course Content: Lectures 1. Manu: Life & Works ; Manu’s State, Theory of Danda, Manu’s Foreign Policy. (12) 2. Kautilya: Early Life & Works ; State craft, Diplomacy (12) 3. Swami Vivekananda: Early Life, Hinduism as a Universal Religion, Contribution to Metaphysics (08) 4. Tilak and Aurobindo: Early life, Tilak’s Religious ideas, Tilak’s Philosophy of Reform, Political Philosophy of Tilak , Indian Extremist Nationalism. Aurobindo’s Early life & Works , Epistemological Foundations of Politics, Philosophy of Sate, Nation- Building (10) 5. Maulana Azad : Life and Works, Political Ideas (08) PS 12: Government and Politics of Goa : Pre Statehood Course Rationale: The course seeks to give the students an insight into pre-colonial & post colonial institutions in Goa. It provides the historical background and political evolution in Goa leading from the liberation to the pre state-hood period, focusing on both political leaders and the parties. Course Content: Lectures 1. Goa -A Historical Overview: Gaunkari system, Portuguese Colonial period, Salazarist Dictatorship & Struggle for liberation. (10) 2. Issues of Transition: Integration of Goa; Ist Assembly Elections, Controversy over Political Future, Opinion poll. (10) 3. Emergence & growth of Political Parties: Indian National Congress, Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, United Goans Party, Bharitiya Janata Party, Assembly Elections 1963-1984. (12) 4. Goan Politics: Union Territory Phase I: Bandodkar Government: Consolidation of Institutions, Phase II : Shashikala Government: Erosion of Bahujan Politics, Phase III: Rane Government: Emergence of National Parties. (18) PS 13: COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT (Governments of U. K, U. S. A, Russia, China, Switzerland & France) Course rationale: This paper studies the major constitutions of the world by adopting a comparative approach. The constitutional and legal provisions, the ideological basis, the institutional arrangement and their social and economic background are to be explained, analyzed and evaluated critically. The comparative perspective enables the students to understand the differences and similarities between the various constitutional arrangements. Course Content: Lectures. 1) Importance of Comparative Government and Politics: Approaches to the study of Comparative Politics: – Systems Approach, Structural & Functional Approach, Marxist Approach. (12) 2) Constitutions : Evolution and Nature (U. S. A , U. K & CHINA) (10) 3) Executive: Prime Minister & Cabinet(U. K), President and Cabinet (U. S. A), President and State Council(China), Plural Executive (Switzerland ), Presidential and Parliamentary Executive(France and Russia). (14) 4) Legislature: Parliament(UK) , Congress (USA), National Peoples Congress(China), relationship with the Executive in terms of separation of powers. (14) PS 14: Indian Political Thinkers (Gokhale to Ambedkar) Course Rationale: The Course seeks to familiarize students with the major contributions of the key modern Indian political thinkers. It focuses on their life and work and outlines their key political and philosophical ideas that shaped modern India. Course Rationale: Lectures 1. G. K. Gokhale: Early life & Work ,Political Thought (08) 2. Mahatma Gandhi : Early life & Works , Idealism & Ethics, Philosophy of Politics, Swaraj & Satyagraha. (12) 3. Jawaharlal Nehru: Early life & Works, Political Ideas, Panchaseel, Socialism & Secularism (12). 4. M. N. Roy: Early Life & Works, Roy’s views on the Russian Revolution & Marxism Radical Humanism & Scientific Politics. (10) 5. B. R. Ambedkar : Early life & Works , Sociological and Political views, Abdedkar & the Dalits (08) Readings for PS 11 & PS 14: 1. A. S. Altekar, State and Government in Ancient India, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1966. 2. A. Appadorai, Documents on Political Thought in Modern India, 2 vols. Bombay Oxford University Press, 1970. 3. J. Bandhopadhyaya, Social and Political Thought of Gandhi, Bombay, Allied, 1969. 4. J. V. Bondurant, Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Conflict, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1965. 5. D. M. Brown, The White Umbrella: Indian Political Thought from Manu to Gandhi, Berkeley,University of California Press, 1953. 6. R. J. Cashman, The Myth of the ‘Lokmanya’ Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharasthra, 7. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1975. 8. B. Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, Delhi, Vikas, 1979. 9. K. Damodaran, Indian Thought: A Critical Survey, London, Asia Publishing House, 1967. 10. T. de Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition, New York, Columbia University Press, 1958. 11. D. G. Dalton, India’s Idea of Freedom: Political Thought of Swami Vivekananda, Aurobindo Ghose, Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore, Delhi, Academic Press, 1982. 12. A. R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, Popular, 1954. 13. R. P. Dutt, India Today, Calcutta, Manisha, 1970. 14. A. T. Embree (ed. ), Sources of Indian Tradition: from the Beginning to 1800, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 15. S. Ghose, The Renaissance to Militant Nationalism, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1969. 16. ————, Socialism, Democracy and Nationalism in India, Bombay, Allied Publishers, 1973. 17. ————, Modern Indian Political Thought, Delhi, Allied, 1984. 18. U. N. Ghoshal, A History of Indian Political Ideas, London, Oxford University Press, 1959. 19. J. P. Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comitern Policy, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1971. 20. S. Hay, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan, India, Penguin Books, 1991. 21. C. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Social Reform, Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1964. 22. R. Iyer, The Moral and Political Thought of Mahatma Gandhi, Delhi, Oxford University Press,1973. 23. K. P. Jayaswal, Hindu Polity, Calcutta, Butterworth, 1924. 24. K. N. Kadam (ed. ), Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, New Delhi, Sage, 1992. 25. R. P. Kangle, Arthashastra of Kautilya, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1965. 26. M. J. Kanetkar, Tilak and Gandhi: A Comparative Study, Nagpur, Author, 1935. 27. V. B. Karnik, M. N. Roy: Political Biography, Bombay, Jagriti, 1978. 28. K. P. Karunakaran, Modern Indian Political Tradition, New Delhi, Allied Publishers, 1962. 29. ————, Religious and Political Awakening in India, Begum Bridge, Meenakshi Prakashanm 1969. 30. ————, Indian Politics from Dadabhai Naoroji to Gandhi: A Study of Political Ideas of Modern India, New Delhi, Gitanjali, 1975. 31. ————, Gandhi- Interpretations, New Delhi, Gitanjali Publishing House, 1985. 32. D. G. Karve, and D. V. Ambedkar, Speeches and Writings of Gopal Krishna Gokhale,Bombay, Asia, Publishing House, 1966. 33. U. Kaura, Muslims and Indian Nationalism, New Delhi, Manohar, 1977. 34. V. P. Luthra, The Concept of Secular State and India, Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1964. 35. V. R. Mehta, Foundations of Indian Political Thought, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992. 36. B. B. 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Parekh, Colonialism, Tradition and Reform: Analysis of Gandhi’s Political Discourse, New Delhi, Sage, 1989. 46. ———— and T. Pantham (eds. ), Political Discourse: Exploration in Indian and Western Political Thought, New Delhi, Sage, 1987. 47. S. Radhakrishnan, Eastern Religion and Western Thought, London, Oxford University Press,1940. 48. Swami Ranganathananda, Swami Vivekananda: His Humanism, Moscow State University Lecture, Calcutta, Advaita Ashram, 1991. 49. N. R. Ray (ed. ), Raja Rammohan Roy: A Bi-centenary Tribute, Calcutta, Asiatic Society,1975. 50. D. P. Roy, Leftist Politics in India: M. N. Roy and the Radical Democratic Party, Calcutta,Minerva, 1989. 51. S. H. Rudolph and L. I. Rudolph, Gandhi- The Traditional Roots of Charisma, Chicago,University of Chicago Press, 1983. 52. J. Sarkar, India Through the Ages: A Survey of the Growth of Indian Life and Thought,Calcutta, M. C. Sarkar and Sons, 1928. 53. S. Sarkar, Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays, New Delhi, People’s Publishing House, 1970. 54. B. S. Sharma, The Political Philosophy of M. N. Roy, Delhi, National Publishing House, 1965. 55. J. Spellman, The Political Theory of Ancient India, Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1964. 56. A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge, Bombay, Allied, 1967. 57. V. P. Verma, Studies in Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundations, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1974. 58. S. A. Wolpert, Tilak and Gokhale, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1962. 59. G. Woodcock, Mohandas Gandhi, London, Fontana, 1971. PS 15: Government and Politics of Goa: Post Statehood. Course Rationale: This course seek to provide an understanding of the evolution of the political processes , structures & social.